The Social Contract According to Hobbes, Rousseau, Smith and Kants Opinions Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Government is "an intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign. " Government is simply a manifestation of the social contract and laws outline the practical application of the 'General Will' in every situation. According to Rousseau, the government is merely a practical expression of the ultimate sovereignty of the 'General Will' established in the social contract. Government is, "an intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign. "(The Social Contract, 3.16) Government is simply a manifestation of the social contract and laws outline the practical application of the 'General Will' in every situation. According to Rousseau, the government is merely a practical expression of the ultimate sovereignty of the 'General Will' established in the social contract. The citizens are bound contractually to one another and the product of this union is the sovereign 'General Will'. The individual has no contract with the government, the only contract is the ori ginal social contract: "There is only one contract in the State, and that is the act of association, which in itself excludes the existence of a second. " (The Social Contract, 3.16) Thomas Hobbes' starting point is that the state of nature is not a Rousseau-like utopia but rather a chaotic, anarchy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Contract According to Hobbes, Rousseau, Smith and Kants Opinions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Vivendi (a) Revitalizing a French Conglomerate - 3072 Words

MAPPING THE BUSINESS LANDSCAPE General Environment: For CGE, the 1980s were a period of unprecedented opportunity in France in which it could make the great leap forward. The French economy as a whole was growing rapidly and the hopes of an expanded market with the European Community were attractive opportunities for the firm. In CGE, one form of diversification was cross shareholdings. The origin of this cross-shareholdings can be traced to the period 1986-1988 during a time of cohabitation in French government between a social president, Francois Mitterand, and a more conservative Prime Minister, Jacques Chirac. Afraid of the inability of the French weak capital markets to absorb large quantity of shares domestically and†¦show more content†¦In 1984-85, several highly talented engineers were hired away from France Telecom, the government owned monopoly. CGE s construction subsidiary, purchased for the apparent synergy of a similar customer base, was bought as a poison pill after St. Gobain, the French glass and material company, attempted to take over CGE in 1981. When new CEO, Jean-Marrie Messier took over the charge of the company, he started managing the company in his own way. Central to Messier s new operating principles was that CGE must return to its core activities. Looking forward, his plan was to reduce the importance of Construction and Property while building the role of communications. Complete divestment from real estate had been eliminated as an option in the near term because Messier believed that the market would not allow a quick liquidation of these assets. Messier created alliances with cash rich partners to supplement CGE s resources in fast growth areas with high capital requirements. Structure: Structure of the firm was quite different in the period of two different CEOs. Both Dejouany and Messier had different way of managing the company with different level of experience and understandings. In the tenure of Dejouany, number of employees grew significantly with the growth of the company. By 1995, number directly reporting to him was 70. He diversified the whole business into real estate development, healthcare, transportation, andShow MoreRelatedVivendi: Revitalizing a French Conglomerate Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the 1980s the French economy expanded assimilating rapidly the scarce existing venture capital from the week capital market. As a company with a healthy cash flow, Compagnie Gà ©nà ©rale des Eaux (CGE) took advantage of economic circumstances and pursued a strong expansion strategy entering different business realms like real estate, healthcare, or telecommunication. Although this strategy worked well with the current economical conditions, the absence of an adequate organizational structureRead MoreVivendi: Revitalizing a French Conglomerate(A) Essay1910 Words   |  8 Pagesand transforming the company into a conglomerate, Messier focused on profitability and restructuring within the company. As Dejouany’s leadership ended with a cash crisis and corruption scandal, Messier’s leadership led CGE’s stock to an appreciation of 71.8% within two years after succeeding Dejouany. The leadership change occurred at the right time. Dejouany looked at the big picture and maneuvered CGE into a vast and profitable conglomerate at its prime, while Messier paintedRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesJones−George: Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition I. Management 2. The Evolution of Management Thought  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 27 50 Chapter Two German professor of sociology, developed one theory; Henri Fayol, the French manager who developed the model of management introduced in Chapter 1, developed the other. The Theory of Bureaucracy bureaucracy A formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efï ¬ ciency and effectiveness. Max Weber (1864–1920)

Foreign Shop-Case-Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.What is the usual leadership situation in the auto repair shop ? Describe Alans typical leadership style and evaluate whether it is appropriate for the leadership situation? 2.Describe Alans leadership style during the flood and evaluate whether it is appropriate for the leadership situation. Answers: It has found that Alan is a leader that has effective impact on another colleague as well as followers. The main focus of Alan was on improving the quality of the employee and equipment as well so that target of the company could be fulfilled. He motivates employees to take decision making such as enhancing the quality of employees and buying latest equipment. As per the decision making model, the leadership style of Alan suits in the G2 category which refers Alan is able and encourage employees to share the issues with their colleagues and motivate them to engage in the group in consensus to find out the final solution (McCleskey, 2014). As individually, Alan should choose the directive situations to Kirk, as he one of the young employee in the shop due to his lack of experience and the talent of his background, he was entirely different from others. Kirk started to feel that he did not choose a right track and he is unmotivated than the other workers. Thus, in that condition situational leadership style can be chosen, where Alan and Kirk are in the situation where they are having a lack of relationship and expected tasks. In that condition they have to go in the situation where Alan can make the opportunity of his talent background which will be beneficial to him make a close relationship bond with other colleagues. The behaviour of Alan is found relationship oriented. It is done because his behave with other colleagues is more likely to much attentive and humble and he get will from his mechanics (Donate and de Pablo, 2015). He is the person who beliefs in what he give, what he gets, which encourages him to respect others. He respects his mechanics and prepares effective information to be given individual autonomy. The behaviour of Alan has power to create a positive environment for the employees. He would also describe empathy to his colleague and followers. He is always there when his workers needed most. By the case study, Alan mostly uses participative leadership. His behaviour is the reason of positive environment because he gained trust from employees and fulfil his commitment with mechanics (Thompson and Glas, 2015). Along with that, he tries to be a friend instead of the boss and initiate organize to welfare and interest of his followers and being more supportive and towards his team. It is the nature of Alan that he does not interfere so much in the work of mechanics until and unless they need advice. Employees of the shop get supervision from Alan time to time. All employee of the shop is high skilled but they have to face challenge regarding diagnosing problems in cars and repairing them, apart from that self contained task with moderate variety. To make them feel not burdened, he tries to perform task with enjoying the work. This attitude of Alan makes him lead model of the organization. Mechanics and employees of the organization are starting to inspire from him. Thus, it h as been seen that the nature towards the employees of Alan is very effective which show the effective leadership of his. 2.The behaviour of Alan is appropriate towards the situation. He recognizes the danger of flood and the requirements for immediate actions to prepare protection guard for it by effective monitoring and evaluating. He immediately act on situation and was able to organize a group to protect assets at the shop from the worst impact of water damage. Alan focuses that time to modify his leadership style into the mechanism to follow his orders. His behaviour at that time was not considered as friendly and inclusive. The leadership style of Alan at that situation was Authoritarian. It has been found through case studies that although, the behaviour of Alan at that situation was authoritarian but he is open to suggest others and get ideas from others (Yukl, 2012). The situation of a flood is very complicated because the mechanics of auto shop do not identify the danger, and along with that they do not believe that Alan is serious about the flood situation. They are confused through his directive behaviour because that style was so different from usual days. Once the danger recognized by mechanics, they will be essentially motivated to protect themselves from danger of flood. At that situation when Alan finds that nobody is concentrating him, he becomes more assertive towards his direction, his voice come out with authoritative voice and he use non verbal behaviour such as stern expression and angry face. At that situation Alan was firm but he did not utilize his power to threat and insulting others. The crisis of flood is novel not only for Alan but also for the mechanics. Once the mechanics of auto shop starting to follow his instructions, Alan is approachable to effective suggestion regarding other things that need to be required to avoid th e damage due to flood. Thus, while being authoritarian, he is not only deal with mechanics with autocratic behaviour but also manage situation by sympathetic to effective ideas and views from his subordinates (Renko, Tarabishy, Carsrud and Brnnback, 2015). Apart from that the behaviour of Alan after this situation is very supportive and helpful towards all employees. Alan appreciates to all mechanics and his team to help him for protecting a huge asset from water damaged. He enhances the team efforts. Hence, it is proved that the leadership style of Alan is very effective during the situation because it is not possible to perform in the well manner in every situation by showing only one leadership style. Alan is an example of effective leaders who show the effective leadership style as per situation (Jung and Park, 2017). Alan is attentive and followed the efficient step when facing a crisis such as immediately identified the nature of the problem. He takes directed and immediate action without wasting time a lot. References Donate, M.J. and de Pablo, J.D.S., 2015, The role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation, Journal of Business Research, 68(2), pp.360-370. Jung, J.C. and Park, S.B., 2017, Volkswagens diesel emissions scandal, Thunderbird International Business Review, 59(1). McCleskey, J.A., 2014, Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), p.117. Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A.L. and Brnnback, M., 2015, Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style, Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), pp.54-74. Thompson, G. and Glas, L., 2015. Situational leadership theory: a test from three perspectives. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 36(5), pp.527-544. Yukl, G, 2012, Introduction: Effective leadership behaviour, In Leadership in organizations (8th ed., pp. 276), Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall

Understand Playwork Principles Essay Example

Understand Playwork Principles Essay Explain the innate drive for children and young people to play. The Playwork Principles (2006) state â€Å"All children and young people need to play. The impulse to play is innate†. â€Å"Play is a process that is freely chosen, personally directed and intrinsically motivated. Children and young people determine and control the content and intent of their play by following their instincts, ideas and interests in their own way and for their own reasons. The child chooses when and how to play and this is seen as a biological drive, essential to health and well-being. † This means that play is seen as a natural instinct for a child and is their way of understanding the world around them. Play is something that a child chooses to do and will do whenever and wherever possible. Play takes place in all aspects of a child’s daily routine whether they are eating, walking, talking or in the classroom. This shows that they have a natural curiosity and sense for adventure, exploration and excitement. Children do not even need to be given toys to play, they have the ability and imaginations to turn even the simplest of objects such as a cardboard box into anything they desire such as a castle or racing car. Analyse how play is necessary for children and young people’s development and well being. Play is crucial for a child’s social, emotional, physical and cognitive development. Play is a child’s way of learning about their own body and the world around them. Through play they exercise key skills and qualities such as independence, creativity, curiosity and problem solving. It is an important part of exploring feelings and developing social skills. Children will begin by playing with inanimate objects such as dolls or cuddly toys, role playing and interacting with them which helps them to practice their language skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand Playwork Principles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Understand Playwork Principles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Understand Playwork Principles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This allows them to then have the confidence and vocabulary to move on to playing and interacting with other children as they learn to share, take turns and begin to learn emotions and emphasise with others. * Explain what is meant by play being a biological, psychological, sociological necessity. Unstructured play enables children to find and pursue their own interests, giving them the freedom to be who they are. It allows them to discover their likes and dislikes, strengths and weaknesses in their own time. Free play allows them to become risk takers who make decisions for themselves, helping them to learn from their experiences and failures. Every child’s natural instinct to play needs to be nurtured to enable them to develop. Through play children learn and develop as individuals and as members of society, if children are not given enough opportunity to control their play this can cause them to have the feeling of a lack of control in their lives or to lack essential social and life skills and can lead to a low self-esteem as they have not got the confidence to do and discover things for themselves. Through play children learn and develop as individuals and as members of the community and play also increases health, happiness and well-being. This shows that play is a biological, psychological, sociological necessity as a lack of it can have a serious affect on children and young people’s development. Task 2 * Evaluate the importance of the UN Convention on the rights of the child in relation to play provision. Play for children is a primary need to explore, learn about and make sense of their world. Article 31 of the UN Convention recognises children and young people’s right to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to their age and participate freely in cultural life and the arts. To support these principles Play England has produced the charter for children’s play which offers eight statements of what play means for children and what we should do to promote their right to improve it. Children have the right to play. Every child needs time and space to play. Adults should let children play. Children should be able to play freely in their local areas. Children value and benefit from staffed play provision. Children’s play is enriched by skilled play workers. Children need time and space to play at school. Children sometimes need extra support to enjoy their right to play. These are of great importance and are essential to the development and well being of a child, having the rights of the child set in place helps u s as playworkers to have something to follow and ensure that they are being put into practice and achieved within the setting. Explain how playwork organisations seek to meet the rights of all children and young people for play. As a playworker it is important to have a good knowledge and understanding of children’s rights and the legal framework relating to them. We need to be able to evaluate existing policies to ensure that the rights of children and young people are being met, this includes consulting the children and young people on how the setting can best meet their rights and making them aware of how to assert them. Children should be given the opportunity to freely express their thoughts and ideas and it is important that these are acted on where possible as this will show the children and young people that you respect and value their opinions and allow us as playworkers to provide a play space and play equipment that they will be happy with. For example allowing children to choose what equipment they would like to play with and what activities they want to do. Task 3 Explain the importance of a team approach to supporting children and young people to create play spaces It is important to have a team approach to supporting children and young people to create play spaces as everyone working together will help to ensure the goal is met and playwork principles are upheld. It is easier for tasks to be accomplished quickly and more efficiently if everyone works well as a team. It also allows consistency for the children and young people and sets a positive role model and good example to them as it shows them how they too can work together as a team. Every individual is different and has various qualities to contribute to the team, each member can benefit something from another member of the team. It is important that praise is given to other staff members who have done a good job as this will help to build the teams morale and make each play worker feel respected and a valid member of the team. Working as a team creates a pleasant play space environment for staff, children and their families. * Explain the role of play workers acting as advocates for play. The playworkers core function is to create an environment which will stimulate children and young people’s play and maximise their opportunities for a wide range of play experiences all the while ensuring that we are safeguarding the children. Advocating for play means understanding and allowing play to be child centred and personally directed by the children, allowing them to play with what they want and in the way that they want. Adults involved in play should always promote equality of opportunity and seek to develop anti-discriminatory practice and positive attitudes to those who may be disadvantaged. Play should offer the child opportunities to extend his or her exploration and understanding of the wider world. * Evaluate different inventions a playwork team can use to support children and young people’s play. * Explain the importance of balancing needs and rights of individual children and young people with the needs and rights of others. As a playworker it is important to provide for the needs and rights of each individual child and young person and balance it with the needs and rights of others. Each child and young person is different and has individual preferences and requirements. We need to ensure that adequate activities are provided to suit each child’s likes and preferences and that they are all given equal play opportunities appropriate for their age. This may mean adapting an activity to be easier for a younger child or more challenging for an older or more able child. Each child’s ability should be praised and encouraged and playworkers should always promote equality and opportunity. * Evaluate the impact of playworkers on the play space. It is important for playworkers to recognise their own impact on the play space and to be keenly observant in order to recognise and respond to play ues from children and when to intervene on an activity choosing the best method to suit the situation and always ensuring that by doing so we are not restricting play in any way. We work to create an environment in which children and young people are free to choose how and what they play and do this by providing access to materials and equipment, facilitating play opportunities that children may not be able to achieve on their own and empowering the children to have control over their own play environment. As playworkers we should be constantly adapting or modifying the environment to suit the needs of the children and to ensure that play will continue to flourish. The more flexible and changeable the environment is, the more we are allowing the children to take control of what happens in their environment and gain confidence. We also understand the importance of children experiencing challenge in their play and ensure that we balance risks with protecting children from injury. * Evaluate the impact of children and young people’s play on members of the playwork team. Sometimes children and young people’s play can have a positive effect on a playworker in a good way. Children and young people can be remarkably insightful and understand things that a playworker doesn’t, or show us a different view, they may even have strengths in a certain area that a playworker doesn’t. This can include having a different cultural background or language or different life experiences that they can share with the playworker and teach them or a skill such as a football trick that they can show the playworker how to do. Sometimes children and young people’s play can have a negative effect on the playworker. Depending on the personal circumstances of the playworker they may feel uncomfortable with a certain activity, type of play or a certain child’s behaviour and this can affect their judgment towards the situation. There may also be a child that is displaying particularly challenging behaviour and this can be stressful for some playworkers who may not have experienced such behaviour before. * Explain the concept of reflective practice in the context of a playwork team. It is important to reflect on our own practice in a playwork team as this enables us to identify any areas where improvements may need to be ade. By looking back at an activity or situation, this allows us to learn from it and use our new knowledge in order to help in future similar situations in order to better meet the ever changing needs of children and young people and their families. Reflective practice also allows playworkers to see which areas we are good at and doing well in and identify any training or gu idance that may be required in other areas. This ensures that we are performing the best we can and that we are meeting all standards and procedures within the settings policies.