The Benefits Of Reading Out Loud - 858 Words

The Benefits of Reading Out Loud to Your Children Being read to out loud as a child is something I remember very well. However, I would have never thought that being read to was not only fun but very beneficiary as well. Being read to out loud is a memory many parents have from their childhood and is one passed on to their children as well. This is something every child should get to experience in their lifetime, it helps prepare them for school, strengthens their ability to bond, and helps children learn to speak correctly. When a parent sends their child to school for the first time they want their child to be successful. Reading out loud to your child will definitely enhance your child’s chances of success early in school. Reading out loud leads to success in school because it teaches your children how to comprehend what is being read to them. How can something as simple as reading out loud to your child help them comprehend what is being read to them? A great example was given by Kelly Hoggan â€Å"The story reader and children engage in the joint act of reading and talking to share a storybook’s meanings† (Hoggan, The Magic of `Once Upon a Time : Narrative Teaching Strategies.). These precious moments of reading and having conversations with your child is what start the foundation of success in school. Reading out loud to you children also helps them with their problem solving abilities. This will benefit them greatly when being sent to school for the first time. ThisShow MoreRe latedReading Comprehension Issues Can Negatively Impact Math Performance1046 Words   |  5 PagesReading disabilities or reading comprehension issues can negatively impact math performance. In this lesson we will discuss the importance of connecting reading abilities with math so that students can benefit from a different approach to the subject. !!! Connecting Math and Reading â€Å"I don’t understand math.†, ‘’I hate word problems.†, â€Å"I don’t even know what the problem is asking!† If you are a math teacher, surely you have heard these comments, or some variation, from students more often thanRead MoreStudy Habits Can Improve Your Grades Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesends. That could benefit or hurt your study habits and note taking. Also bad study habits could result in not knowing how to study. Studying is not just reading out loud it’s about comprehending what you read. Ask yourself questions, write about what you read, or tell someone what you read. Doing so can improve your memory of what you read up to 85% instead of just 15%. You can also survey what you are about to read. Surveying is essentially understands what you are reading. Basically you canRead MoreReading Comprehension Is A Cognitive And Mental Problem Solving Process1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe reading process is a cognitive and mental problem solving process of decoding symbols so children can derive or construct the meaning of reading comprehension. The reading process is a means of language, communication, and the sharing of ideas and information. Comprehension is when children have the ability to understand or get meaning from the texts they read. With reading comprehension children will benefit greatly when explicit instruction is used. By doing this children can learn how to applyRead MoreEssay on Learning Outcome 4 Assessment Criteria 4.4, 4.2, 4.3908 Words   |  4 Pageswhich we were going to read, I instructed each child to read 3 pages each......whilst each child read out loud the other children needed to follow each line as it was read. Before they started reading as a group I encouraged the children to discuss what had happened so far to describe each of the characters etc. Once I was clear and felt that each of the children had participated we started reading. The first Child read.......I tried to encourage him to speak up a little so that the others withinRead MoreLife Of Our Time As A Student1747 Words   |  7 Pagesthat I’ll be working with.† (Written Discussion of Roles) This worry is one that lingered throughout the semester. During orientation someone once said: â€Å"you can’t hurt, you can only help. No matter what you do, you will always do something that benefits the student – even if it’s just having them read their work aloud!† As the semester progressed, I quickly began to understand the wisdom behind their words. Although I certainly had sessions which I deemed as being horrifically unproductive, I alsoRead MoreMy Strengths And Weaknesses Of An Effective Student988 Words   |  4 Pages Going back to school can be very intimidating, especially when one has been out of school for a long time. However, through a self-assessment, a new student can evaluate their current skills and use their current strengths and weaknesses to create a game plan that will help them be an effective student. Personally, I think this is a great tool because it helped me identify what my strengths are. Since I identified more strengths than weaknesses I saw this self-assessment as a motivation toolRead MoreAbc Elementary : For Confidentiality Purposes1570 Words   |  7 Pages me, look). Out of all the centers Sue participates in daily, she was only actively engaged in the IPad or computer center. I notice she that the technology helped motivate her and she displayed confidence while playing the reading games. Sue loves when her teacher read aloud to her. When the teacher is reading, she is attentive. When I read aloud to her I notice she was asking me questions about things that she was unsure of about within the text. According to the Primary Reading Survey, a surveyRead MoreTypes Of Techniques Used By Different Learners1660 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Study groups types are different types of techniques used by different learners, both in and out of school that are in place to maximize the results of the students. These techniques relate to the character of the learner and thus making studying easier and more enjoyable. There are in total seventy one learning styles, but four are identified at school level: visual, auditory, kinaesthetic and read-and-write. After taking the Learning style assessment task, I was placed in the auditoryRead MoreThe Perception Of A Shaded Reality1219 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific subject that I believe I have catered to my whole life is reading and sometimes writing. My current English professor had taken this broader definition of literacy and made it into our first assignment. Possessing a love for English and the art of reading and writing, I did not sweat the fact we had a paper to write. It may just seem as if I’m telling you a certain situation I am in at the time; however, my love for reading and broadening my vocabulary has helped me more than in a classroomRead MoreTeacher-Researcher Review: Questions on Mays Case Study1147 Words   |  5 Pagesinquiry journey? What insights did May gain about her inquiry topic through her readings? In what ways might Mays readings inform how she will collect data for her study? A thorough literature review offers May an opportunity to learn from other teacher-researchers in similar school settings. The tips and tactics gained will prove invaluable to her in her own action research. The knowledge gained from the readings expose May to more unorthodox strategies that she may not have previously considered

Modern Poverty And Economic Inequality Essay - 1200 Words

The United States of America: the land of the free and the home of the impoverished. In a country where 47 million of its citizens fall below the alleged poverty line, there is an obvious dire urge for social reform. As Mark Rank stated in his book, Rethinking American Poverty (page 19), â€Å"between ages of 20 and 75, nearly 60 percent of Americans will experience at least one year below the poverty line.† Poverty in America has reached a feverish high. Readings of O’Connor, Rank, Wacquant, Fording, Soss, Schram, Katz, Iceland, and Gans adequately summated the topic of modern poverty and economic inequality in the United States. From analyzing the poverty line to evaluating how our neoliberal-paternalistic society effects the less affluent, it is important to develop a fresh mentality to properly frame poverty as an urgent social problem. In order to better understand and conceptualize the epidemic of poverty, it is imperative to identify the flaws in popular concept ualizations of poverty. In Michael Katz’s article, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare, he addresses how America tends to think of poverty as a â€Å"them† problem (page 236). Instead of individualizing the topic of poverty, the country should be thinking about it as an â€Å"us† problem. Less affluent citizens are out of the loop. Katz described them as, â€Å"strangers to be pitied or despised, helped or punished, ignored or studied, but rarely full citizens.† This is an interesting way toShow MoreRelatedThe Inequality Trap : Fighting Capitalism Instead Of Poverty1486 Words   |  6 Pagesrights, gender equality, poverty, or medicine, there are individuals around the globe looking for ways to improve our society and those who are merely making suggestions on how to improve it. Published in 2015, William Watson’s book The Inequality Trap: Fighting Capitalism Instead of Poverty is full of analysis and suggestion on what humanity can do to create a more equal society. The book glides through a series of arguments that attempt to conclude that the issues of inequality in our society are broughtRead MoreEconomic and Social Costs of Inequality in Australia785 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyse the economic and social costs and benefits of inequality in distribution of income in Australia. Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among residents of an area. High levels of inequality indicate that a small number of people receive most of the total income, and that most people receive only a small share of the total. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with the inequitable distribution of income. Income inequality can leadRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1557 Words   |  7 Pageschances are dictated by the abnormal evels of inequality that construe the modern world. A girl born in California will most certainly live to old age; However if she is born in West Africa, she has a one in four chance of dying before her 5th birthday. These discouraging truths envelope our everyday realities, and the single most poignant factor is poverty; which is arguably the most far-reaching, long-standing cause of chronic suffering there is. Poverty is a severely embedded wound that infiltratesRead MoreEssay on Social Stratification and The Importance of Class1042 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom, equality and opportunity. These are the values our nation is based upon, but are these standards actually held up in our modern society? I will argue that although our nation prides itself on its equality and freedom; in reality we do not hold up these values and are faced with inequality and imbalance. The modern American class system outlines many of the inequalities that plague our nation. In a country that prides itself on equality, there is a lot of evidence that point to social stratificationRead MoreThe Undeserving and Deserving Poor Structure1065 Words   |  5 Pagespermeated the public and political lexicon, there are few debates that evoke such passion as that of the underclass. Karl Marx tabled the idea of the lumpen proletariat, yet in the modern era, the concept did not take hold in Britain until 1989. Today, the debate focuses on whether frictional forces create a continuum of inequality, or whether a defined underclass does exist. The question asks if poor people belong in a separate underclass, which is a vague definition. There will always be poor peopleRead More Income Distribution and Economic Growth in LDCs Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesIncome Distribution and Economic Growth in LDCs INTRODUCTION In recent years, one of the major concerns of economic development is the study of poverty, the income distribution and growth in the less developed countries (LDC’s) or Third World countries. Economists from all over the world have been doing researches and studies on how to induce a growth in those underdeveloped countries. However, countries differentiate in historical backgrounds, cultural believes and natural resources.Read MoreA Theoretical Review Of Global Stratification913 Words   |  4 PagesStratification Global stratification is defined as social inequality throughout the world. It is an unequal distribution of wealth and poverty, of resources and opportunities. Global stratification is much greater than social stratification in the United States or in any single nation and continues to increase. The poorest people in the United States have a much higher quality of life than most other people in the world. As a result of this global inequality, countries are classified into three categoriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Walzer, Pogge, And Sachs Approach On Global Economic And Social Justice Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of Walzer, Pogge, and Sachs approach on global economic and social justice In our modern age, the introduction of a global economy has led to a varying degree of achievements ranging from technological advances, higher life expectancies, and even the introduction of new world powers. Positive advances, they continue to reconstruct our world into an increasingly more connected and developed system of nations. However, this economic advancement is not equally distributed as continents’ economiesRead MoreThe Modern Development Project ( Mdp )1037 Words   |  5 PagesModern development is characterised by industrialisation and the transformation of societies from subsistence agriculture to production based economies. This process both disrupted the cultural values and practices of traditional societies and birthed a consumerist culture. Consequently, societies become fixated on the construct of scarcity, concerned that means are inadequate to satisfy their interminable desires (Polanyi, cited in Sahlins, 1972: 3). Although modern development is conven tionallyRead MoreAmerica s Income And Wealth Inequality987 Words   |  4 PagesToday in America, income and wealth inequality has continued to grow at an unsettling pace. The rich continue to get richer, while the number of people categorized as lower class grows exponentially. As Joseph Stiglitz has explained, many theories that are seen as strongly Republican, such as the trickle-down effect, has caused the rich to take money from the poor, and as a result the lower class grows and the middle class disintegrates. The top 1 percent of America’s households currently holds 30

Case Project Application

Question: Please write the application to case project description, needs, business case. Answer: MFB or the Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board is an organization with a Victorian origin to fight fires and create a safe community. Covered by the Metropolitan Fire Brigades Act 1958, the MFB provides emergency responses in case of fire outbursts and offers security, suppression measures and preventive measures to over 4 million Melbourne residents. The basic objective is to save lives, environment and property. ( MFB, 2015-2018) Annually almost 3.3million fires are reported with over 30 thousand deaths occurring in the entire world. Fires are a persistent issue in the country of Australia. It has taken the toll on lives of its residents and also on the countrys economy. Alone in Australia fires lead to almost 100 deaths and over 3000 injuries each year. The total loss cost wise incurred is around AUD $12 billion. This is 1.3% of the GDP in the country. The urban areas are most affected as the proximity of buildings are close. One of the main challenges faced by the firefighting team of MFB here is to prioritize these accidents and prevent the fire from spreading and causing further damage to life and property. ( MFB, 2015-2018) Appropriateness of Methodology The methodology opted by the MFB is standard and unique. Years of real time experience has made them proficient in choosing the right technique for ceasing fire and saving lives. Some of areas covered by them are. What to do after a fire, Emergency medical response, Total fire ban safety, Home safety, Safety programs, Melbourne bushfire and grassfire risks, vehicle, boats, portable gas heaters, Prevention of burns. All these addressed make sure the community is safe after a fire. ( Anonymous 2009) Case project description, needs, business case It is unknown why there are fire risks associated with hoardings. It is found that elderly people who are living alone suffers from a mental condition called OCD or obsessive compulsive disorder. They like hoarding things to them. It has the risk associated with fire in many ways. Some of the commonly hoarded items in a house are letters, clothes, bills, books, stationeries and magazines. These are quite combustible in nature. On account of a fire in a house these act as a fuel. MFB took up this project and found information about the people affected by real life fire incidents due to hoarding and quantified the pattern in between these incidents. These data collected were used by MFB and similar fire fighting organizations to enhance awareness, identify the primary causes, triggers and create safety measures to prevent them.(Lucini 2009) Data collection At present no standard methods are used by the MFB for collecting data or for reporting any incident of hoarding. The National base for collecting data is post incident data accumulation. Since there is no specific area where the hoarding can be acquainted for so there are nonspecific way to collect data. They depend on varied formal and informal methodologies. (Collapse, 2012) Risk, complexities, uncertainties and opportunities The risks involved are high in this profession. Here are some of the common risks. The complexities and uncertainties of human life and property loss is high in areas like Melbourne. After fire risk After a fire many times it becomes a risky situation to stay in the same place. MFB Fire officer in charge will be declaring whether it is safe to stay or not after thorough inspection. Bushfire and grassfire risks The area Melbourne is close by parks, reserves, open grasslands, bush or paddocks. During summer there are high risks of forest fires occurring in these regions. Areas like the parks, beaches, reserves and riverside fires are a great risk for human life here. Risk Analysis The different kind of risks faced by MFB are both from the perspective of the locals as well as global. Both these areas continue to provide new challenges to the main business. A tool used for analysis is the Phoneix Rapidfire modeling system.It is a part of the emergency planning process. Initially it was used as a tool for research in the year 2006 at University of Melbourne. From 2008. it gained recognition. Today it can stimulate the potential risks of fire spread efficiently.( Norris, 2014) Qualitative risk Risk from fire ( Can be bush fire or fire from either structures or non structures Any incident which is hazardous Automatic alarm system and response Road Accident Rescue system Any Emergency Medical responses Any other incidents like High Angle Rescue, Urban search rescue or marine response. Discussion of risk and classification Aging workforce A major portion of the workforce is aged. They will be retiring in the next 5 years times. Hence a large portion of experience will be gone from the organization. For the sake of the service obligations MFB has to maintain efficiency in its team no matter what. Expectation changes Expectation of the community is always changing. In terms of communication and emergency reporting, warnings technology, local information everything is changing. MFB needs to cater to these changing situations. Population The Metropolitan District is increasing in population day by day. Risk response By understanding the risk environments MFB is planning product delivery for mitigating these risks. Organisational resilience development and creating adaptive business model helps respond to the sector within the community. Recommendations One HNS or Hoarding Notification System to be promoted continuously by the MFB along with other external agencies. The safety of neighbors and occupants must be measured better. Two MFB and WPI both have recommended that AIRS must bring a change. For example a drop down box inclusion for CIR or Clutter Image Rating. Hence this will increase reporting of hoarding events. Three -FireServices and MFB must work collaboratively for developing information about hoardings,risks, identification of such risks and report through AIR box. Four If high amount of reports are coming in then consideration must be given to the drop down informations. (Homchenko, 2014) Constraints The cost is significant and it is the biggest constraint for MFB at present. Resources are continuously getting consumed. They are also aware of the risks from non conforming items which sometimes becomes an obligation for the MFB. Conclusion Studies show almost 80% of the LGA or the local government areas have one hoarding at least or an incident of squalor in their locations. Hence it gives a confirmation that these incidents are not bounded by geographical locations. They can happen anywhere. Studies made in year 2012 concluded that most of these incidents took place in standalone abodes. MFB hence, continues to fetch any opportunity it gets that can engage the stakeholders for further developing the various responses and practices. These stakeholders engaged will be the provider of valuable information. They will also provide the best possible information found in the industry. Hence overall the people affected by squalor or hoarding will be hugely benefitted by such information of MFB References MFB (2015-2018), A world class fire and emergencyservice, Dtpli.vic.gov.au Anonymous (2009), Community, Mfbc.vic.gov.au Colpas Emily (2012), Analysis of Hoarding Fire Incidents and MFB Organisational Response, Wpi.edu Lucini G ( 2009), Analysis of Fire Incidents Involving Hoarding Households, Web.cs.edu Homchenko M (2014), An Analysis of Hoarding and Squalor Related Incidents and Responses by the Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board, Melbourne MFB (2012), Strategic and Business Plan, mfb.gov.au Anonymous (2014), Construction Fire Norris J (2014), State Planning for Fire

Swot Chery free essay sample

The development of new energy vehicles and the automobile industry is taking place in the forms of regrouping and restructuring. This offers Chery a great opportunity to develop and promote the brand. As one of the most influential and famous auto brand, Chery Auto has achieved an extraordinary growth rate and has become the pride of Chinese national automobile industry. Nevertheless, there is still certain potential in product quality, service and business culture which develops the brand image further. In consequence, issues regarding to manufacturing, service and business culture are needed to improve and strengthening. However, the brand advantage of Chery Auto is not protruding. Compared with international automotive corporations, Chery Auto is not dominant in brand recognition and brand core value. Furthermore, multi-brand strategy leads to dilution of major brands. There are many sub-brands under Chery; nevertheless, no sub-brand achieves big sales. None of Chery Auto’s four sub-brands, Chery, Rely, Karry or Riich, is dominant in the automobile market. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Chery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its position in market is not stable. The purpose of this study is to find out appropriate branding strategies for national independent automobile manufacturer, Chery Auto. This part consists of general background of Chinese automotive industry and brief description of Chery Auto. The situation of repeating construction and wasting of resources in Chinese automobile industry is serious. With the rapid expansion of Chinese automotive industry, substantial vehicle producers sprang up. Until 2008, there are 130 whole vehicle producers in China. 7, 82 million automobiles were sold by the top 10 vehicle producers of China, which accounted for 83% of its total sales. Only 1, 59 million cars were sold by the rest of more than 100 automobile enterprises. National Development and Reform Commission, 2010) 1. 1 Chinese Automobile Industrial Restructuring The purpose of restructuring is to revitalize national automobile industry by saving costs, purchasing together and developing jointly. (National Development and Reform Commission, 2010) Early in 2004, National Development and Reform Commission had published Automobile Industrial Development Policy. In the Automob ile Industrial Development Policy, existing vehicle producing enterprises’ mergers and restructurings should be guided. Its purpose is to promote domestic automobile enterprises become bigger and stronger by expanding Chinese automobile companies’ economies of scale and improving industrial concentration and by avoiding the scattered, chaotic and low level duplicated construction. (National Development and Reform Commission, 8 2010) Back in 2004, two suggestions were put forward. One was to form several large international competitive automobile enterprises through market competition. These several large enterprises would try to step in the list of World Top 500 companies in 2010s. The mode can be strategic reorganization which means form large scale automobile groups by reorganizing domestic vehicle producers’ assets and forge business alliances by encouraging complementary strengths and resources share and cooperation. As a result, a coordinated and developmental industrial structure of large scale automobile groups, business alliances and special purpose vehicle manufacturers will be shaped. The other suggestion was to develop a number of spare parts enterprises with comparative advantages. Make sure to realize their economies of scale and to participate in international competition actively. National Development and Reform Commission, 2004) Financial crisis speeds up Chinese automobile industry restructuring. Financial crisis leads to decrease of national and international purchasing capacity. Therefore, both domestic and overseas automotive needs declined. Domestic automobile producers face great pressure. By the impact of financial crisis, Chinese automobile production and sales sharply declined year-on-year in the second half of 2008. For instance, in the fourth season of 2008, Chinese vehicle yield negatively grew by 14, 92% and the vehicle sales decreased by 8, 15%.

World Problems Essay Topics - Your Essay Strategy and Online Test

World Problems Essay Topics - Your Essay Strategy and Online TestWriting a world problems essay is one of the most important elements of your college application. Writing an essay on any subject is difficult because there are many things that you must understand and some that you must demonstrate. An excellent essay will create an impression of yourself as a competent and qualified candidate.In order to prepare for this type of essay, you can take a quick online test of your ability to write. There are several websites that offer these tests. The one that you choose will depend on the content of your world problems essay.It is important to research the topic of your essay in order to make sure that it is a problem that will interest the reader. If you need help researching this topic, you can check out a World Problems Essay Topics eBook for guidance.Your writing skills will be tested by using a common format that is used in essay forms. You may find this online test to be a little d aunting, but once you learn the basic guidelines, the test is easy.One of the best things about writing this type of essay is that you can use it to teach yourself new vocabulary. You can also use the information contained in the World Problems Essay Topics eBook to study. You can also use the information contained in the book to practice on a regular basis.You will also need to consider the various tests that you will need to submit. This is where your world problems essay becomes a great resource. All of the questions will be asked in the same way.For your online test, the best place to look for the best essay sample is an online test like this. Once you have found one, you will need to fill in the necessary details about your world problems essay topics. You will also need to include a sentence that explains how you intend to utilize the information from the entire essay.

A Four-Month Oscillation Detected from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A Measurements in the Arctic and Antarctic The WritePass Journal

A Four-Month Oscillation Detected from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A Measurements in the Arctic and Antarctic References A Four-Month Oscillation Detected from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A Measurements in the Arctic and Antarctic Abstract1. Introduction2. Satellite Brightness Temperature Data3. ERA-Interim Reanalysis Data4. Arctic Four-Month Oscillation5. Discussions of the oscillation AcknowledgementReferencesRelated Abstract Satellite microwave measurements can penetrate through clouds and therefore provide unique information of surface and near-surface temperatures and surface emissivity. In this study, the brightness temperatures from NOAA-15 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) are used to analyze the surface temperature variation in the Arctic and Antarctic regions during the past 13 years of period from 1998 to 2010. The data from four AMSU-A channels sensitive to surface are analyzed with wavelet and Fourier spectrum techniques. A very pronounced maximum is noticed in the period range centered around four months. Application of a statistical significance test confirms that it is a dominant mode of variability over polar regions besides the annual and semi-annual oscillations. No evidence of this feature could be found in middle and low latitudes. The four-month oscillation is 90o out of phase at Arctic and Antarctic, with the Arctic four-month oscillation reaching its maximum in the beginning of March, July and November and the Antarctic four-month oscillation in the middle of April, August and December. The intensity of the four-month oscillation varies inter-annually. The years with pronounced four-month oscillation were 2002-2003, 2005-2006 and 2008-2009. The strongest year for the Arctic and Antarctic four-month oscillations occurred in 2005-2006 and 2008-2009, respectively. The sign of four-month oscillation is also found in the surface-skin temperatures and two-meter air temperatures from ERA-Interim reanalysis. It is hypothesized that the Arctic and Antarctic four-month oscillations are a combined result of unique features of solar radiative forcing and snow/sea ice formation and metamorphosis. 1. Introduction The spectrum analysis of wind time series revealed a 40-50 day Madden and Julian oscillation (MJO) in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific (Madden and Julian 1971). In the course of an investigation of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) for global climate change and global warming, we stumbled upon an apparent four-month oscillation in the surface-sensitive channels in the Arctic and Antarctic. It is not a â€Å"periodicity† in the sense of tidally induced oscillation, but certainly a broadband phenomenon. It passes a statistical significance test with more than 95% confidence. A spectral analysis of both surface skin temperature and two meter air temperature from ERA-Interim reanalysis also confirms the existence of a four-month oscillation in the Arctic and Antarctic. It is our understanding that the AMSU-A observations can be strongly influenced by variable surface emissivity in polar environment and have not been effectively utilized through the ERA data assimil ation. Thus, the confirmation of a four-month oscillation signal from ERA-Interim reanalysis is significant and believed to be mostly associated with the physical process. 2. Satellite Brightness Temperature Data NOAA-15 AMSU-A has 15 channels and is a cross-track scanning radiometer, providing 30 field of views (FOVs) along each scan line. Near the nadir of satellite observations, the FOV size is at best of 48 km. There are a total of four AMSU-A surface-sensitive channels: channel 1 (23.8 GHz), channel 2 (31.4 GHz), channel 3 (50.3) and channel 15 (89 GHz) (Mo 1999; Goodrum et al. 2009). Over land where the surface emissivity is high, the measurements from these surface-sensitive channels are primarily affected by surface emissivity and surface temperature. Over oceans where the emissivity is relatively low, the channels are also a function of temperature, water vapor and liquid water in the lower troposphere. Channels 1,  2 and 15 are located at frequencies away from the major oxygen gaseous absorption lines and can thus see through the atmosphere. The radiation at these channels mainly comes from the  earth’s surface, which is proportional to the product of surface emissivity a nd surface temperature. For a  cloudy atmosphere, a portion of surface emission at these channels can be attenuated by cloud and the rest transmitted through the cloud. The cloud also emits additional radiation. Channel 3 is near an oxygen absorption line and contains the upwelling microwave radiation from both the earth’s surface and the near surface atmosphere. Satellite measurements and their retrieval products were used for studying climate variability and decadal trends (Christy et al. 1998, 2000, 2003; Izaguirre et al. 2010; Johannessen et al. 1995, 1999; Mears et al. 2003, Mears and Wentz 2009; Schneider et al. 2004; Vinnikov and Grody 2003; Zou et al. 2009). In these study, the AMSU-A brightness temperatures onboard NOAA-15 from October 26, 1998 to August 7, 2010 are analyzed for various applications including climate trend and global change. 3. ERA-Interim Reanalysis Data The ERA-Interim reanalysis is produced by European Center for Medium-Range Forecast (ECMWF) (Simmons et al. 2007). By employing an advanced four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) approach with improved data quality control, satellite bias correction, and fast radiative transfer model, conventional surface and upper air observations and satellite brightness temperatures and cloud motion winds from Television InfraRed Observational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), ESA Remote-Sensing Satellites (ERS-1 and ERS-2), and Advanced TOVS (ATOVS) are optimally combined with model forecasts in ERA-Interim reanalysis. The ERA-Interim reanalysis products are thus suitable for use in studies of climate variability and decadal trends (Agudelo and Curry 2004; Chelliah et al. 2004; Frauenfeld et al. 2005). The ERA-Interim analyses consist of a high quality set of global analyses of the state of the atmosphere, land, and ocean-wave conditions from 1989 to present time. The surface-skin temperatures and two-meter air temperatures from ERA-Interim are used in this study. These data has 1.5 ° resolution and 37 pressure levels and is publicly available on the ECMWF Data Server. 4. Arctic Four-Month Oscillation A wavelet analysis is applied to global daily mean, nadir only, surface-sensitive brightness temperatures observed by the NOAA-15 AMSU-A over the time period from October 26, 1998 to August 7, 2010, as well as daily mean surface skin and surface air (two-meter) temperatures from ERA-Interim reanalysis. Specifically, the brightness temperature measurements at the surface-sensitive channel 1 (, 23.8 GHz), channel 2 (, 31.4 GHz), channel 3 (, 50.3 GHz) and channel 15 (, 89 GHz) near the nadir direction (FOVs 15 and 16), at both descending and ascending nodes, and north of 75oN and south of 70oS are averaged to provide eight daily time series from October 26, 1998 to August 7, 2010. Surface skin temperatures () and two-meter surface air temperature () from ERA-Interim north of 75oN and south of 70oS are also averaged to provide four more time series in the same time period. Using the Morlet wavelet analysis with statistical significant testing, each time series is decomposed into time-fr equency space, from which the dominant modes of variability and their temporal evolution can be determined with great confidence (Torrence and Compo 1998). The wavelet transform is chosen for this study as it can be used to analyze time series that contain non-stationary power at many different frequencies. Figure 1 shows the wavelet power spectrum (shaded) of daily mean nadir only brightness temperatures from NOAA-15 AMSU-A surface-sensitive channel two in the Arctic and Antarctic, and the surface skin and 2-m air temperature of ERA-Interim from October 26, 1998 to August 13, 2010. To show the significance of a peak in the wavelet power spectra, regions of greater than 95% confidence is indicated (line). For period less than semi-annual oscillation, most of the power is concentrated around the four-month period within the 95% confidence level. The existence of the four-month oscillation is also confirmed using the Fourier spectrum analysis technique and is shown in Fig. 2. However, with wavelet analysis, one can see variations in the frequency occurrence and amplitude of the Arctic/Antarctic four-month oscillations shown in Fig. 1. Large amplitude four-month oscillation events occurred at a period about 3 years. The strongest years were 2002-2003, 2005-2006 and 2008-2009. Similar wavel et power spectra are seen in other AMSU-A surface-sensitive channels in the Northern Hemisphere and AMSU-A channel 1 in the Southern Hemisphere (Figure omitted). Due to the fact the Antarctic is covered mostly by land, the Antarctic four-month oscillation is very weak in channels 15 and 3. A four-month oscillation is also found in daily mean surface skin temperatures and surface air temperatures from ERA-Interim reanalysis in the Arctic (Fig. 1c-d), but not in the Antarctic (figure omitted). The reduced power of surface and near-surface temperatures (Fig. 1c-d) compared to satellite observations (Fig. 1a-b) is possibly due to the fact that most of surface channels observations are excluded from data assimilation in high latitudes owing to large impacts of surface emissivity uncertainty on radiance simulations. From Fig. 1, it is seen that the ERA-Interim captures the four-month surface oscillation better during 2005-2006 and 2008-2009 than earlier years. Figure 3 presents the temporal evolution of Arctic (75oN-90oN) and Antarctic (70oS-90oS) daily mean brightness temperatures in 2005 (black line), in which mean values, annual and semi-annual components are removed, as well as the corresponding four-month oscillation (red curve). The four-month oscillation of AMSU-A channel 2 has the largest amplitude at the beginning of March, July and November. No significant phase difference is found between this and other three surface sensitive channels (Figures omitted). The Antarctic four-month oscillation is 90o out of phase with the Arctic oscillation. It peaks in the middle of April, August and December. A weak four-month oscillation is also found in the daily mean surface-skin temperatures and two-meter air temperatures from ERA-Interim reanalysis. However, a significant phase difference is found between the AMSU-A surface-sensitive channels and the ERA-Interim surface skin temperature and surface air temperatures. The four-month oscillation of both surface skin temperature and surface air temperatures peaks in late June, about one and half months earlier than satellite observations. Given the fact that the brightness temperatures at the four surface-sensitive channels approximately equal to the product of surface emissivity and surface skin temperature, with a small contribution from the atmosphere in a shallow layer above the Earth’s surface, the phase differences between the ERA-Interim surface variables and AMSU-A surface channel brightness temperatures suggest that the brightness temperature change is delayed by surface emissivity change. It is worth mentioning that the four-month oscillation is not found in the brightness temperature measurements of the other 11 AMSU-A channels, which approximately represent the air temperature in a broad layer centered in the troposphere or stratosphere. Figure 4 provides the percentage of explained variances by annual (black), semi-annual (red) and four-month (yellow) oscillations in middle and high latitudes for NOAA-15 AMSU-A channel 2. It is seen that the annual variation increases toward high latitudes from 20oN to 70oN or from 20oS to 70oS. The annual oscillation becomes a dominant feature with 50oN-70oN and 50oS-70oS. The sum of annual and semi-annual oscillations explains more than 80% of the total variances within the latitudinal band 60oN-70oN or 60oS-70oS, which reduces to below 60% in higher latitudes 70oN-90oN and 70oS-80oS. The four-month oscillation explains about 10% of the total variance in the Arctic and Antarctic. Figure 5 presents the annual cycles of Arctic four-month oscillation in three selected years (1999, 2003 and 2009) from all the six time series (, , , , , and ). The four-month oscillations of all four surface-sensitive channels have the largest amplitude at the beginning of March, July and November. No significant phase difference is found among these four channels. However, a significant phase difference is found between the AMSU-A surface-sensitive channels and the ERA-Interim surface skin temperature and surface air temperatures. The four-month oscillation of both surface skin temperature and surface air temperatures peaks in late June, about one and half months earlier than satellite observations. Given the fact that the brightness temperatures at the four surface-sensitive channels is a sum of the surface term (approximately equals to surface emissivity times surface skin temperature) and the atmosphere term (about equal to the air temperature in a shallow layer (~1 km) above t he Earth’s surface), the phase differences between the ERA-Interim surface variables and AMSU-A surface channel brightness temperatures suggest that the four-month oscillation started from the surface. In fact, the four-month oscillation is not found in the brightness temperature measurements of the other 11 AMSU-A channels, which approximately represent the air temperature in a broad layer centered in the troposphere or stratosphere. Wave structures with periods between 60 days and 150 days are shown in Fig. 6 based on the daily mean brightness temperatures in 75oN-90oN latitudes at nadir of NOAA-15 AMSU-A channel one, two, three, fifteen, skin and 2-m surface air temperature of ERA-Interim from January 1, 2004 to January 1, 2007. The four-month oscillation is a dominant feature in all years. A weak 90-day oscillation is also found in satellite measurements. The intensity of the Arctic four-month oscillation varies inter-annually. 5. Discussions of the oscillation A four-month oscillation is found in the satellite microwave measurements in the Arctic and Antarctic for the first time. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data confirms the existence of such an oscillation. Such oscillation is not found in other regions over the globe and nor in other AMSU-A atmospheric sounding channels. The surface temperature in polar regions is determined by surface heat budget equation, which relates changes in surface upward long-wave radiations to changes in (i) the surface downward short-wave radiation, (ii) surface downward long-wave radiations, (iii) heat storage for both land surface and ocean, (iv) surface sensible heat flux, and (v) surface latent heat flux. The presence of polar day/night is a unique feature that makes the annual variation of solar radiative forcing within the frigid zone[1] substantially different from middle and low latitudes. Since solar radiation is a major source of energy for the snow/ice melting in polar regions, the unique annual variation of solar radiation can modulate microwave surface emissivity and thermodynamic and dynamic processes near the surface boundary. The responses of surface-sensitive brightness temperature to solar radiation can also be delayed due to the time for the snow and ice metamorphosis process to occur. The combined effec t of polar day and night during the year and snow/ice metamorphosis process probably gives birth to a four-month oscillation in the Arctic and Antarctic. The fact that the four-month oscillation is stronger in higher latitudes is consistent with the increase of the length of the time when the sun is below the horizon from the Arctic Circle (20  hours) to North Pole (179  days). Acknowledgement This work was supported by Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology under 973 project no. 2010CB951600 and the NOAA/NESDIS grant to Florida State University. References Agudelo, P. A., and J. A. Curry, 2004: Analysis of spatial distribution in tropospheric temperature trends, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22207, doi: 10.1029/ 2004GL020818. Chelliah, M., and G. D. 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Winston, 2009: NOAA KLM Users Guide with NOAA-N, -N-Prime supplement. NOAA, [available from: ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/cover.htm]. Izaguirre C., Mendez F. J., Menendez M., and I. J., Losada, 2010: Global extreme wave height variability based on satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett.,  doi:10.1029/2011GL047302. Johannessen, O. M., M. W. Miles, and E. Bjorgo, 1995: The Arctic’s shrinking sea ice. Nature, 376, 126-127. Johannessen, O. M., E. V. Shalina, and M. W. Miles, 1999: Satellite evidence for an Arctic sea ice coverage in transformation. Science, 286, 1837-1939. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci.,  28, 702-708. Mears, C. A., M. C. Schabel, and F. J. Wentz, 2003: A reanalysis of the MSU channel 2 tropospheric temperature record. J. Climate, 16, 3650–3664. Mears, C. A., and F. J. 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Economic Reasons For American Independence Essays - Stamp Act

Economic Reasons For American Independence Essays - Stamp Act Economic Reasons for American Independence Eleven years before America had declared it's independence there was 1,450,000 white and 400,000 Negro subjects of the crown. The colonies extended from the Atlantic to the Appalachian barrier. The life in these thirteen colonies was primarily rural, the economy based on agriculture, most were descended from the English, and politics were only the concern of land owners. Throughout these prosperous colonies, only a small portion of the population were content with their lives as subjects of George III. Most found it hard to be continually enthusiastic for their King sitting on his thrown, thousands of miles away. Despite this there were few signs of the upcoming revolution. The occasional call for democracy and liberty were written off by loyalists. Among the upper class feelings of loyalty to the crown were strong and eloquently expressed. The attitudes of the common people mirrored their counterparts in England. They had a combination of indifference and obeisance. To the present day American this is quite difficult to believe. However, all of this can be explained by Benjamin Franklin, "I never had heard in any Conversation from any Person drunk or sober, the least Expression of a wish for a Separation, or Hint that such a Thing would be advantageous to America." However all of this did not last for long. In the summer and fall of the same year, the colonists gave up their habits of submission and a new people emerged. The Stamp Act ignited the furies of the colonists. The people refused to pay, especially the colonial upper class. The match that had been lit was put out was put out by the repealing of this act. The match, however, did not go out. Many historians have pondered upon the events and forces that drove the American people to rebellion against their mother country. This was important but it still eluded the historians to find out what made this people ripe for rebellion, or, more exactly, what was there about the continental colonies in 1765 that made them so willing to engage in open defiance of a major imperial policy? One of the proposed answers, arguably the best known, was volunteered by one of the causes of the revolution, John Adams in 1818. "The Revolution was effected before the was commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people. . . . This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people, was the real American Revolution." Adams, in a sense, argued that even before the first shot of war, there had existed a collective outlook called the American mind, whose chief characteristics were self-reliance, patriotism, practicality, and the love of liberty, with liberty defined as freedom from alien dictation. It was the dictation of shortsighted ministers of an equally shortsighted king that pushed the American mind to assert itself boldly for the first time. Adams had not found it necessary to describe in detail the forces that had produced this mind. A reason for this had been the extraordinary student of political relations, Edmund Burke had already given a perceptive description. In his speech on conciliation with the colonies, Burke singles out "six capital sources" to account for the American "love of freedom," and strong sense of liberty. These capital sources were: their English descent; their popular forms of government; "religion in the northern provinces"; "manners in the southern"; education; and "the remoteness of the situation from the first mover of government." In his and Adam's praise was a recognition that this liberty rested on firm and fertile ground. All of this was rounded off by Alexis de Tocqueville. He revealed the unique nature of the American Republic: "The great advantage of the Americans is that they have arrived at a state of democracy without having to endure a democratic revolution" or to stare the thesis in terms of 1776, the Americans already enjoyed the liberty they were fighting for. The first ingredient of American Liberty was the peoples heritage from England. Burke had acknowledged this "capitol source". He explained that the colonists were the descendants of Englishmen, a people who respects their freedom. The first colonists had brought over both good and evil of their mother country